The cardinal virtues are the four primary moral virtues upon which all other moral virtues depend. These virtues are stable dispositions of the intellect and will that govern our acts and order our passions. They can be practiced by anyone; thus, they represent the foundation of natural morality.
We develop human virtue by practicing the moral virtues. The virtuous person tends toward the good and chooses it in thought and action.
Temperance moderates the desire for pleasure and provides balance in the use of material things. The temperate person directs sensory appetites toward the good and uses the will to master instincts.
Fortitude ensures firmness in difficulties and constancy in the pursuit of the good. The fortitudinous person conquers fear in the face of difficulties, resists temptations, and overcomes obstacles to leading a good life.
Justice is the constant and permanent determination to give others their rightful due. The just person is distinguished by respect for others' rights, promoting harmony in relationships, and genuine concern for the common good.
Prudence, the charioteer of the virtues, guides the other virtues by rule and measure. It demonstrates knowledge of things that ought to be done, and things that should be avoided. The prudent person directs reason to discern true good and chooses the right means to achieve it..
Moral virtues are acquired by human effort and practice. They are the fruit and the seed of morally good acts. A moral virtue is a good quality or habit of the will; moral excellence. Moral virtues grow through education, deliberate good acts, and perseverance in struggles.
For example, truthfulness is a moral virtue related to the cardinal virtue Justice.
Moral principles are concrete expressions of our human efforts to pursue goodness and virtue. They are the foundations, or origins, of the moral virtues.
For example, “Do not lie” is a principle related to the moral virtue truthfulness.
Moral precepts are commands by legitimate authority to a definite person or specific duty in a particular situation. Affirmative precepts command; negative precepts forbid.
For example, “tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth” is the precept related to the moral principle “Do not lie”.
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